USMLE Step 1 Review - Home Study Program - Vol I - General by Kaplan Medical
By Kaplan Medical
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The last step, catalyzed dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E 3 ), requires FAD and NAD+ to regenerate the initial oxidized form of lipoic acid. The cofactors TPP, lipoic acid, and FAD never leave the enzyme complex. carbohydrates CHTCH-TPP I OH Figure 1-4-10. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. 2. Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. The activity of PDH is dependent on the energy state of the cell as reflected by the levels of acetyl-CoA, ATP, and NADH. It is activated by ADP, CoA, and NAD+. Acetyl-CoA and NADH are powerful inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.
The ETC accepts electrons from NADH and FADH z and passes them, through a series of carriers, to molecular oxygen, forming water. The energy released at specific steps in the ETC is used to synthesize ATP via a process called oxidative phosphorylation. All of the enzymes and cofactors required for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane. A. The electron transport chain 1. Components. The ETC is composed of a specific sequence of enzymes and their coenzymes, including NAD+ and FAD-linked dehydrogenases, iron-sulfur proteins (FeS), coenzyme Q, and several cytochromes (Figure 1-3-8).
Substrates that are oxidized with the production of FADH2 (succinate, aglycerol phosphate) have PIO ratios of 2. 2. Efficiency. The calculations shown below indicate that the oxidation ofNADH by the ETC releases a total of 53 kcal of energy. 3 kcal. Thus, in theory, the oxidation of 1 mole of NADH should release sufficient energy to drive the synthesis of 7 moles of ATP. However, because only 3 moles of ATP are synthesized per mole of NADH oxidized, the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation is approximately only 40%.