Syria : revolution from above by Raymond Hinnebusch
By Raymond Hinnebusch
This examine examines the improvement of the Syrian country because it has emerged lower than thirty-five years of military-Ba'thist rule and, rather, lower than President Hafiz al-Asad. It analyzes the best way the fragility of the post-independence kingdom, not able to include emerging nationalist fight and sophistication clash, opened the best way to the Ba'th party's upward push to strength and examines how the Ba'th's 'revolution from above' remodeled Syria's socio-political terrain.
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He collaborated with middle class opposition politicians such as Akram al-Hawrani who was leading an anti-feudal struggle in Hama, Shishakli’s hometown. As Chief of Staff, Shishakli presided over the expansion and nationalist indoctrination of the officer corps and promoted young Sunni nationalist officers to positions of responsibility. His dictatorship (1951–53) promoted state centralisation and cultural Arabization and crushed separatist movements in both the Druze and Alawi mountains. , largely to balance threats to Syrian independence from the proBritish Hashemite monarchies.
Radical middle class political parties penetrated the army and began to adopt modern ideology and organisation, but, recent outgrowths of personalistic followings, they remained small and could not break through the traditional clientele networks which encapsulated the masses. Moreover, although they shared a zealous anti-imperialism and a reformist desire to put an end to “feudalism,” they were split on what sort of order should replace it: Islamic fundamentalists, communists and secular nationalists battled each other as much as the ruling elite.
SOCIAL CHANGE AND THE RISE OF NEW ELITES A. Economic development and class formation By 1950, rapid social change was undermining the traditional political bases of the old regime. World War II had provided special conditions for capital accumulation and once the French departed, a multi-pronged economic expansion started. Merchant capital introduced mechanised farming on the vast virgin plains of the Jazirah, turning this formerly uncultivated area into a new granary with a surplus for export.