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That is why you use cd .. to move up a directory. In Chapter 10, you will see a specific use for . to specify the current directory when running scripts or programs. • Visit Chapter 2 for much more about directories and files. Finding Yourself with pwd As you begin using Unix and start moving around in directories and files, you're likely to get a bit lostthat is, forget which directory or subdirectory you're in. 5. 5. pwd displays the name of the current directory, which is particularly handy if you've been exploring the system.

Now the file exists in two places with exactly the same content. Either user can modify the file, and the content in both locations will change. Tips • You can remove hard links just like you remove regular files, by using rm plus the filename. See the section called Removing Files with rm in this chapter. • If one user removes the file, the other user can still access the file from his or her directory. • Hard links work from file to file only within the same file system. To link directories or to link across file systems, you'll have to use soft links, which are covered in the next section.

If you don't "locate" it, try bash or csh to see how locate works. ). You'll need to make sure your new helper can access your files so you can pawn off your work on him. And, you'll need to access the revised files just so you can keep up with what your helper's been doingand perhaps take credit for his work at the next staff meeting. A great way to give your helper easy access to your files is to create a hard link from your home directory. In making a hard link, all you're doing is starting with an existing file and creating a link, which (sort of) places the existing file in your helper's home directory.