UNDP’s Engagement with the Private Sector, 1994–2011 by Zarlasht M. Razeq (auth.)
By Zarlasht M. Razeq (auth.)
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As the CSR practices of many companies, especially those involved in partnerships with IOs and other actors, and recent developments in business and corporate studies show, the business attitude towards CSR norms and development has changed (Porter & Kramer, 2006; Porter & Kramer, 2011; Dashwood, 2012). Overall, the change in the behaviour of companies and their CSR practices is more obvious in a comparison of the pre and post-2000 periods. Prior to the 2000s, the CSR policies of companies were based on a responsive agenda reacting ‘to the evolving social concerns of stakeholders’ and trying to mitigate the ‘existing or anticipated adverse effects from business activities’ through philanthropic and ad hoc CSR activities (Porter & Kramer, 2006, p.
2012, pp. 112–144). The importance of ideas and norms in shaping outcomes (policies) is addressed in the neoliberal literature as well; see for instance Goldstein & Keohane 1993. However, a constructivist’s critique (Ruggie, 1998a) points out that a neoliberal interpretation of the impact of ideas on actors’ behaviour draws a linear causal link between the two, reflecting actors’ preferences rather than defining them. 0009 IOs and Policy Innovation in IR are not simply causes but a mechanism that alters actors’ behaviour and preferences in the process.
Other studies provide ample of evidence that the rise of global CSR norms has had an impact on the behaviour of companies, and indeed, many large MNCs by the early 2000s have started to adopt norms of sustainable and inclusive business and publicize through mandatory and voluntary reporting their adherence to, and the implementation of, CSR standards and best practices (Dashwood, 2012). 0009 IOs and Policy Innovation in IR and diffusion. This argument is further strengthened if IOs are viewed, as some recent studies of IOs policies show, as social and autonomous actors (Barnett & Finnemore, 2004, pp.