Topics in Numerical Analysis by P.R. Turner
By P.R. Turner
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Example text
23) where P, P′ are the powers of the transmitter which would generate the same field at a given distance by means respectively of an isotropic antenna and the radiant aperture. 26) with A = πD2/4. 27) According to the principle of reciprocity, the characteristics of an antenna are the same at the emission as at the reception. 2 Radiation Pattern Here we will consider aperture-type antennas whose dimensions are at least 10 times higher than the wavelength used. When a conducting element of infinite size is placed in an electromagnetic field, it undergoes a certain induction; a current of induction then circulates on its surface and this element in turn radiates energy.
In the same way, an antenna may receive some useful signal on one polarization at the same time as some part of another signal transmitted on the opposite polarization; this feature concerns the cross-polarization isolation at the reception side. 1 Attenuation of Propagation Consider an isotropic source supplied with a transmitter of power PE and an isotropic reception antenna located at a distance d. The received power PR is the product of the power flux density created at the distance d by the effective aperture area Ae of the reception antenna.
37) The total efficiency of the antenna depends on numerous factors, such as the tapering illumination function, the spillover loss, the phase error, and the surface accuracy. 65(λ/D). 38) where ϕ and αT are in degrees. 37), for various sizes of antennas usually employed in terrestrial microwave links and satellite communications. 12 frequency. 39) or Gmax = η 4π Dα Dβ 4π Aeff = λ2 λ2 where αT = total half-power beamwidth corresponding to Dα dimension βT = total half-power beamwidth corresponding to Dβ dimension Aeff = effective aperture area By taking account of the efficiency, we can employ the approximate formulas 25,000 αT βT Gmax ≈ 30,000 αT βT at 1− 6 GHz at 6 −18 GHz Generally, the size of the antennas is determined by the microwave radio link budget, which is necessary to achieve the performances goals of the connection.