The First World War in the Middle East by Kristian Coates Ulrichsen
By Kristian Coates Ulrichsen
The 1st global struggle within the center East is an accessibly written army and social historical past of the conflict of global empires within the Dardanelles, Egypt and Palestine, Mesopotamia, Persia and the Caucasus. Coates Ulrichsen demonstrates how wartime exigencies formed the parameters of the fashionable heart East, and describes and assesses the main campaigns opposed to the Ottoman Empire and Germany concerning British and imperial troops from the French and Russian Empires, in addition to their Arab and Armenian allies. additionally documented are the large logistical calls for put on host societies through the nice Powers' behavior of industrialised struggle in adverse terrain. The ensuing deepening of imperial penetration, and the extension of kingdom controls throughout a heterogeneous sprawl of territories, generated a strong backlash either in the course of and instantly after the struggle, which performed a pivotal function in shaping nationwide identities because the Ottoman Empire used to be dismembered. this can be a multidimensional account of the numerous possible discrete but interlinked campaigns that ended in one to at least one and a part million casualties. It info not only their army final result yet relates them to intelligence-gathering, business organization, authoritarianism and the political economic climate of empires at struggle.
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Com/entries/ encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/abbasids-COM_0002). contexts 17 the Mamluk Sultanate, or also as the Mamluk Empire. This Mamluk label is inspired by the continued particular social origins of the majority of its militarypolitical elites, including of many of its sultans. Baybars was brought to Egypt a young Turkish slave (mamlūk) from north of the Black Sea region, and nineteen of the Cairo sultans after him shared similar mamlūk Central-Asian servile origins, local Arabo-Islamic and martial socialisation in the barracks of the Cairo citadel, and upward social mobility through manumission, military service, and court careerism.
801–815/1399–1412), and taking a decisive turn in the days of his successor, sultan al-Muʾayyad Šayḫ (r. 815–824/1412–1421). Whether it really was a voluntary process and whether al-Saḫāwī’s suggestion of an obsession with history sufficiently explains it are questions that continue to arouse debate. Some modern scholars, such as Bauden, Ziyādah and Faraḥāt, follow al-Saḫāwī’s explanation of consciously giving in to the appeal of a life of intellectual scholarship. , al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʿ, 2: 22. For al-Maqrīzī’s sojourning in Mecca, see especially Bauden (2014): 165, fn.
Obviously, these practical as well as motivational conditions made going on pilgrimage easier for some people, for successful scholars and merchants in particular, than for others. Every year various religious scholars of often towering regional reputation within and beyond their Šāfiʿī, Ḥanafī, Mālikī or Ḥanbalī schools of legal thought again travelled to Mecca for the ḥaǧǧ. In many cases, they combined the effort of the long and dangerous pilgrimage journey with the ambition of sojourning for some time near the Sanctuary Mosque.