SAS SQL procedure user's guide: version 8 by SAS Institute
By SAS Institute
This is often your introductory, task-oriented source for the dependent question Language as applied during the SAS SQL strategy. distinct examples provide help to improve functionality utilizing PROC SQL with database administration structures (DBMSs), the macro facility, SAS part Language (SCL), and the Output supply method (ODS). This booklet is meant for clients with a operating wisdom of SAS programming. No wisdom of SQL or relational databases is thought.
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Cities in the Southern hemisphere have negative latitude coordinates. Coordinates are rounded to the nearest degree. 4 WORLDCITYCOORDS (partial output) The USCITYCOORDS table contains the coordinates for cities in the United States. Because all cities in this table are in the Western hemisphere, all the longitude coordinates are negative. Coordinates are rounded to the nearest degree. 5 USCITYCOORDS (partial output) The UNITEDSTATES table contains data that is associated with the states. The Statehood column contains the date when the state was admitted into the Union.
This is known as qualifying the column names, and it is necessary when you specify columns that have the same name from more than one table. Qualifying the column name avoids creating an ambiguous column reference. Using Table Aliases A table alias is a temporary, alternate name for a table. You specify table aliases in the FROM clause. Table aliases are used in joins to qualify column names and can make a query easier to read by abbreviating table names. The following example compares the oil production of countries to their oil reserves by joining the OILPROD and OILRSRVS tables on their Country columns.
Other brand and product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective companies. The Institute is a private company devoted to the support and further development of its software and related services. Page iii Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to the SQL Procedure 1 What Is SQL? 1 What Is the SQL Procedure? 1 Terminology 2 Comparing PROC SQL with the SAS DATA Step 3 Notes about the Example Tables 4 Chapter 2 Retrieving Data from a Single Table 11 Overview of the SELECT Statement 12 Selecting Columns in a Table 14 Creating New Columns 18 Sorting Data 25 Retrieving Rows That Satisfy a Condition 30 Summarizing Data 38 Grouping Data 44 Filtering Grouped Data 49 Validating a Query 51 Chapter 3 Retrieving Data from Multiple Tables 53 Introduction 53 Selecting Data from More Than One Table by Using Joins 54 Using Subqueries to Select Data 69 When to Use Joins and Subqueries 74 Combining Queries with Set Operators 75 Chapter 4 Creating and Updating Tables and Views 83 Introduction 83 Creating Tables 84 Inserting Rows into Tables 87 Updating Data Values in a Table 89 Deleting Rows 91 Altering Columns 92 Indexing a Column 95 Deleting a Table 96 Using SQL Procedure Tables in SAS Software 96 Creating and Using Integrity Constraints in a Table 97 Creating and Using PROC SQL Views 99 Chapter 5 Programming with the SQL Procedure 105 Introduction 105 Using PROC SQL Options to Create and Debug Queries 106 Improving Query Performance 109 Page iv Accessing SAS System Elements using Dictionary Tables 111 Using PROC SQL with the SAS Macro Facility 114 Formatting PROC SQL Output Using the REPORT Procedure 120 Accessing a DBMS with SAS/ACCESS 121 Using the Output Delivery System (ODS) with PROC SQL 125 Chapter 6 Practical Problem-Solving with PROC SQL 127 Overview 128 Computing a Weighted Average 128 Comparing Tables 130 Overlaying Missing Data Values 131 Computing Percentages within Subtotals 133 Counting Duplicate Rows in a Table 134 Expanding Hierarchical Data in a Table 136 Summarizing Data in Multiple Columns 137 Creating a Summary Report 139 Creating a Customized Sort Order 141 Conditionally Updating a Table 143 Index 147 Page 1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the SQL Procedure What Is SQL?