Properties of electrical engineering materials by Jain, Gian Chand
By Jain, Gian Chand
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Develop on the feeder main, the circuit breaker back at the substation or source will open and the entire feeder will be de-energized. To hold down the extent and duration of interruptions, provisions are made to sectionalize the feeder so that unfaulted portions may be reenergized as quickly as practical. To maximize such re-energization, emergency ties to adjacent feeders are incorporated in the design and construction; thus each part of a feeder not in trouble can be tied to an adjacent feeder.
37 38 Electrical Distribution Engineering Their light output drops considerably at reduced voltage, being some 16 percent less with a 5 percent lowered voltage, and decreasing at a geometrically faster rate from then on. They are also sensitive to sudden rapid voltage variations, producing a noticeable (and annoying) flicker at variations of as little as 3 Volts (on a 120-V base). Street lighting of the incandescent type can be operated in a multiple or a series fashion. 6, 15, or 20 A); it is sensitive to variations of as little as 1 percent in the value of the current.
The losses, therefore, will be one-quarter those in a three-phase (three- or four-wire balanced) system. The overall savings in fuel costs for supplying the lesser losses may exceed the increased carrying charges associated with the additional conductors. The improved voltage in supplying three-phase delta (power) loads from such a system also contributes to its acceptability. As fuel and operating costs increase, such systems may find wider application. Comparison between Alternating Current Systems A comparison of efficiencies for the several alternating current systems, assuming the same (balanced) loads, the same voltage between conductors, and the same conductor size is summarized in Table 2-1, which uses a single-phase two-wire circuit as a basis for comparison.