Models of Human Memory by Donald A. Norman
By Donald A. Norman
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1964), it seems wise to avoid it for the time being. The Memory Process TIME VS. ITEM DECAY One of the first tests we can make is of the difference between the predictions of time and item decay in short-term memory. A convenient set of data to use for this comparison comes from a free recall experiment performed by Murdock (1962) (see the Appendix to this book). Murdock had groups of subjects recall freely as many words as they could from lists of various lengths of unrelated English words presented at rates of one and two seconds per word.
The theoretical predictions were obtained by minimizing the chi-square measure of fit of theory to data. The minimization technique used was to establish a coarse grid of 2: A SYSTEM FOR PERCEPTION AND MEMORY |0 | o I 0 1 i 5 1 i 10 1 i 15 1—i i—J 20 1 i 5 1 i 10 55 1 1 15 p 1— 20 Serial position FlG. 8. Item-decay and time-decay fits of free recall serial position curves. The data are from Murdock (1962) and show free recall results from lists of 20 items presented at rates of 1 and 2 sec per item.
NORMAN AND DAVID E. RUMELHART These calculations have been done for the case where a single item is presented and the subject is given unlimited time to attempt to identify it. In most experimental situations, however, the situation is not that simple. Often, items are presented simultaneously (as in the visual case), or at least serially at a rapid rate. When this occurs, the subject must select some strategy of dividing his attention among the various items that he is attempting to process. T h e next two sections deal with this problem.