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A gyrator and an inertial component are equivalent to a capacitive element. Similarly, a source effort connected to a gyrator is equivalent to a source flow. Using such combinations makes it possible to reduce the set of elementary components necessary for physical modelling. We do not follow this approach here; there is little to be gained by using a smaller number of elementary components, as the resulting model would be more complicated and more abstract than necessary. 7 The Effort and Flow Junctions Physical processes interact in such a way that there are restrictions on the possible values that efforts and flows can attain.

7a). The constitutive relations for such components (see Sects. 6) can depend on the corresponding control variables. The transformers and gyrators must satisfy the power conservation requirement. This is satisfied not only by constant transformer and gyrator ratios, but also by the ratios dependent on a control variable c. Thus, the corresponding constitutive relations for controlled transformer and gyrators can have the same forms as given by Eqs. g. f1 e1 = m(s)·fo respectively. The only components that cannot have control input ports are effort and flow junctions.

1). - Component name Fig. 1. Component word model The component name is useful for reference to the model, but what is more important is to represent how the component is connected to other components. g. by its housing). What are seen instead are the locations at which it connects to other components. These places-such as electrical terminals, output shafts, fixing places, hydraulic ports, and boundary surfaces across which heat transfer takes place-are termed ports. In Fig. 1 the ports are shown by short lines.