Industrial Policies and Structural Change by Christopher T. Saunders (eds.)

Industrial Policies and Structural Change by Christopher T. Saunders (eds.)

By Christopher T. Saunders (eds.)

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There is also a fundamental political question about who bears the burden of adjustment and how the method of burden-sharing affects the 36 behaviour of all parties. As John Pinder has pointed out, whether the issue is that of a declining industry, innovation in new fields or coping with excess capacity, there are "costs of adjustment" and industrial policy is often concerned "to reduce these costs to the individual or firm" (231. Industrial policies that apply to the economy as a whole are particularly suited to countries that are less concerned with maintaining a specific pattern of production than with having an economic structure that responds well to changes, whether these come from domestic shifts, technology or the international economy.

Should there not be room for the eastern countries in what would amount to an effort to improve the international division of labour without letting the pace of change become economically disruptive and socially and politically unacceptable (15)? Positive answers might be correct but some thought needs to be given to two cautions, one technical and one political. If cooperation took the form of making stricter rules about competition, fair trade and such matters - say by elaborating the GATT codes - this might sharpen difficulties connected with systemic differences, at least for some countries.

There are honest differences about national priorities. Some countries, especially small ones, can see quite clearly that they have to adapt their economies to world conditions. Other countries are slower to understand this need, or to find the way to meet it. Americans have learned a great deal about the international isation of their economy but they cannot easily translate their understanding into policy. What is true about policies toward foreign trade and investment is true about industrial policies generally.

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