Growth and Interaction in the World Economy: The Roots of by Angus Maddison
By Angus Maddison
This monograph explores the factors of the West's fiscal progress over the past 2,000 years and contrasts it with the industrial heritage of the remainder of the area.
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Sugar refining was done mainly in the metropoles. Sugar proved so profitable that the British seized Jamaica from Spain in 1655. The French gained a footing in the western part of Hispaniola, which became their colony of St. Domingue in 1697. These two large islands became the biggest producers in the Caribbean. The Spanish were left with Cuba, Puerto Rico, the eastern half of Hispaniola (lost to France in 1795), and Trinidad (lost to Britain in 1803). Until the second half of the eighteenth century, Spanish sugar production was quite small.
In the seventeenth century, Spain’s economy stagnated. Population growth was checked by attacks of plague and hunger. It suffered defeats in land and sea battles trying to retain its European empire. Administrative control in Spain and the colonies was costly and inefficient. The reign of Charles II (1664–1700), a near imbecile, was “an unmitigated disaster, a bleak chronicle of military defeat, royal bankruptcy, intellectual regression and widespread famine” (Brading 1984, 389). On the death of this last Spanish Habsburg, France installed a Bourbon monarch, Philip V.
Portuguese Policy and Institutions When the Portuguese arrived in Brazil in 1500, they did not find an advanced civilization with hoards of precious metals for plunder or a social discipline and organization geared to provide steady tribute that they could appropriate. Brazilian Indians were mainly hunter-gatherers, though some were moving toward agriculture using slash-and-burn techniques to cultivate manioc. Their 44 GROWTH AND INTERACTION IN THE WORLD ECONOMY technology and resources meant that they were thin on the ground.