Gender and the Constitution: Equity and Agency in by Helen Irving
By Helen Irving
We are living in an period of constitution-making. New constitutions are showing in traditionally remarkable numbers, following regime swap in a few nations, or a dedication to modernization in others. No democratic structure this day can fail to acknowledge or offer for gender equality. Constitution-makers have to comprehend the gendered personality of all constitutions, and to acknowledge the differential influence on ladies of constitutional provisions, even the place those look gender-neutral. This e-book confronts what has to be thought of in writing a structure whilst gender fairness and business enterprise are pursuits. It examines rules of constitutionalism, constitutional jurisprudence, and background. Its objective is to set up a framework for a "gender audit" of either new and current constitutions. It eschews an easy concentrate on rights and examines constitutional language, interpretation, buildings and distribution of energy, ideas of citizenship, methods of illustration, and the constitutional attractiveness of foreign and common legislations. It discusses equality rights and reproductive rights as certain concerns for constitutional layout.
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Additional info for Gender and the Constitution: Equity and Agency in Comparative Constitutional Design
Example text
Sullivan’s paradigm of a feminist constitution is, effectively, a bill of rights with limitations on government, rather than a full constitution. Rights are important. However, a rights-centered paradigm overlooks structurally prior questions surrounding the constitutional design of the institutions in which the judges who interpret and enforce the rights are appointed and work, through which the laws they review are framed, through which the laws that are framed are put into effect, and through which the lawmakers are chosen.
In reality, however, the distinction is not as clear as the theory suggests. In democratic polities, where government is both powerful and limited (and the theory of constitutionalism is thus meaningful), even the oldest constitutions have never been rigid and fixed. Some people – in particular, proponents of originalist interpretation – might want them to be. However, in reality, even those who hold that a constitution’s meaning must never change once it has been signed off by its framers are forced to accept its adaptation and its openness to social, technological, and political change.
Historically, where a gender-specific pronoun has been employed in law and intended to be neutral or universal, the chosen pronoun has always been the masculine. The use of the feminine, therefore, denotes special legal detriment or entitlement. If there is a genuine rationale for such special laws – at least with respect to entitlements – legal drafters (and interpreters) should take care not to subvert it by “universalizing” the feminine. It is important to recognize that it is not merely by accident that “he” (or the masculine plural) has been employed purportedly for all human individuals, both in legal instruments and general written and spoken discourse.